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Illegal Migration Act 2023

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Illegal Migration Act 2023

2023 Chapter 37

An Act to make provision for and in connection with the removal from the United Kingdom of persons who have entered or arrived in breach of immigration control; to make provision about detention for immigration purposes; to make provision about unaccompanied children; to make provision about victims of slavery or human trafficking; to make provision about leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom; to make provision about citizenship; to make provision about the inadmissibility of certain protection and certain human rights claims relating to immigration; to make provision about the maximum number of persons entering the United Kingdom annually using safe and legal routes; to make further provision about the credibility of claimants making asylum and human rights claims; and for connected purposes.

Enacted [20th July 2023]
Be it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—C1

Introduction

F11 Introduction

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Duty to make arrangements for removal

F12 Duty to make arrangements for removal

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F13 Amendment of date in section 2(3) etc

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F14 Unaccompanied children and power to provide for exceptions

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F15 Disregard of certain claims, applications etc

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F16 Removal for the purposes of section 2 or 4

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F27 Powers to amend Schedule 1

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F28 Further provisions about removal

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F29 Support where asylum claim inadmissible

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F210 Other consequential amendments relating to removal

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Detention, bail etc

F211 Powers of detention

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I4I112 Period for which persons may be detained

1 In Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971 (administrative provisions as to control on entry etc.)—
a in paragraph 16 (powers to detain), after sub-paragraph (4) insert—
;
b after paragraph 17 insert—
2 In paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 to the Immigration Act 1971 (detention or control pending deportation)—
a after sub-paragraph (3) insert—
;
b in sub-paragraph (4), for “17 to 18A” substitute “17, 18, 18A”.
3 In section 10(9) of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (application of Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971 in relation to persons unlawfully in the United Kingdom)—
a in paragraph (b), for “16(2) to (4)” substitute “16(2) to (2B), (3) and (4)”;
b after paragraph (c) insert—
.
4 In section 62 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (detention by Secretary of State)—
a after subsection (2M) (inserted by section 11(6)), insert—
;
b in subsection (3), in the opening words, after “under that Schedule” insert “, other than paragraph 17A,”.
5 In section 36 of the UK Borders Act 2007 (detention relating to deportation), after subsection (1) insert—
6 In regulation 32 of the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016 (S.I. 2016/1052) as it continues to have effect following its revocation (person subject to removal), for paragraph (1) substitute—

F313 Powers to grant immigration bail

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F314 Disapplication of duty to consult Independent Family Returns Panel

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F315 Electronic devices etc

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Unaccompanied children

F416 Accommodation and other support for unaccompanied migrant children

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F417 Transfer of children from Secretary of State to local authority and vice versa

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F418 Duty of local authority to provide information to the Secretary of State

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F419 Enforcement of local authorities’ duties under sections 17 and 18

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F420 Extension to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

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F421 Transfer of children between local authorities

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Modern slavery

F422 Provisions relating to removal and leave

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F423 Provisions relating to support: England and Wales

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F424 Provisions relating to support: Scotland

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F425 Provisions relating to support: Northern Ireland

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F426 Suspension and revival of sections 22 to 25

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F427 Procedure for certain regulations under section 26

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F428 Amendments relating to sections 22 to 25

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I1229 Disapplication of modern slavery provisions

1 Section 63 of the Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (identified potential victims of slavery or human trafficking: disqualification from protection) is amended as follows.
2 In subsection (1)—
a for “may” substitute “must”, and
b after paragraph (b) insert—
3 After subsection (2) insert—
4 In subsection (3)—
a for paragraph (f) substitute—
, and
b after paragraph (f) insert—
.
5 After subsection (5) insert—
6 An amendment made by a provision of this section applies in relation to a person whether a positive reasonable grounds decision or a positive conclusive grounds decision within the meaning of Part 5 of the Nationality and Borders Act 2022 was made in relation to the person before or after the coming into force of the provision making the amendment.

Entry, settlement and citizenship

F530 Entry into and settlement in the United Kingdom

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F531 Persons prevented from obtaining British citizenship etc

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F532 British citizenship

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F533 British overseas territories citizenship

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F534 British overseas citizenship

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F535 British subjects

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F536 Disapplication of sections 32 to 35

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F537 Amendments relating to sections 32 to 36

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Age assessments etc

F657 Decisions relating to a person’s age

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F658 Age assessments: power to make provision about refusal to consent to scientific methods

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Inadmissibility of certain asylum and human rights claims

I2I1159 Inadmissibility of certain asylum and human rights claims

1 Part 4A of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (inadmissible asylum claims) is amended as follows.
2 In section 80A (asylum claims by EU nationals)—
a in subsection (1)—
i after “claim” insert “or a human rights claim”;
ii for “member State” substitute “State listed in section 80AA(1)”;
b in subsection (2), for “An asylum” substitute “A”;
c in subsection (3)—
i for “an asylum” substitute “a”;
ii after “82(1)(a)” insert “or (b)”;
iii after “protection claim” insert “or human rights claim”;
d in subsection (5)—
i in the words before paragraph (a), omit from “where” to “national”;
ii in paragraph (a), at the beginning insert “in a case where the claimant is a national of a State that is a signatory to the Human Rights Convention, where that State”;
iii in paragraph (b), at the beginning insert “in a case where the claimant is a national of a member State, where that State”;
e in subsection (6)—
i after “this section” insert “and section 80AA”;
ii after “claim”,” insert ““human rights claim”,”;
iii at the appropriate place insert—
;
f for the heading, substitute “Claims by nationals of listed safe States”.
3 After section 80A insert—
4 In the heading to Part 4A, after “Asylum” insert “and Human Rights”.

Credibility of claimant

I8I662 Credibility of claimant: concealment of information etc

1 Section 8 of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc) Act 2004 (claimant’s credibility) is amended as follows.
2 In subsection (3)—
a in paragraphs (a) and (c) for “a passport” substitute “an identity document”;
b in paragraph (b) for “passport” substitute “identity document”;
c after paragraph (d) (but before the “and”) insert—
.
3 In subsection (7)—
a insert at the appropriate place—
;
;
b omit the definition of “passport”.
4 In subsection (8) for “A passport” substitute “An identity document”.

General

I963 Financial provision

There is to be paid out of money provided by Parliament—
a any expenditure incurred under or by virtue of this Act by a Minister of the Crown, and
b any increase attributable to this Act in the sums payable under any other Act out of money so provided.

I764 Consequential and minor provision

1 The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision that is consequential on this Act.
2 Regulations under subsection (1) may, in particular, amend, repeal or revoke any enactment passed or made before, or in the same Session as, this Act.
3 In subsection (2) “enactment” includes—
a an enactment contained in subordinate legislation within the meaning of the Interpretation Act 1978;
b an enactment contained in, or in an instrument made under, an Act of the Scottish Parliament;
c an enactment contained in, or in an instrument made under, a Measure or Act of Senedd Cymru;
d an enactment contained in, or in an instrument made under, Northern Ireland legislation.
4 In section 61(2) of the UK Borders Act 2007 (meaning of “the Immigration Acts”)—
a omit the “and” at the end of paragraph (l), and
b after paragraph (m) insert
5 In Schedule 5 to the Nationality and Borders Act 2022, in paragraph 8, omit sub-paragraph (2).

I1565 Regulations

1 A power to make regulations under this Act is exercisable by statutory instrument.
2 Regulations under this Act may make—
a consequential, supplementary, incidental, transitional or saving provision;
b different provision for different purposes.
3 Subsection (2) does not apply to regulations under section 68(1) (commencement).
4 A statutory instrument containing (whether alone or with other provision)—
a regulations under section 4(3)(d) (circumstances in which power to make arrangements for removal of unaccompanied child applies),
b regulations under section 7(1) (powers to amend Schedule 1),
c regulations under section 20(1) (extension to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland),
d regulations under section 24(9) (amendments in consequence of regulations made by the Scottish Ministers),
e regulations under section 26(3)(b) (continuation of operation of modern slavery provisions),
f regulations under section 40 (meaning of “serious and irreversible harm”),
g regulations under section 60 (cap on number of entrants using safe and legal routes),
h regulations under section 64(1) (consequential provision) which amend, repeal or revoke primary legislation, or
i regulations under paragraph 10 of Schedule 2 (powers relating to relevant articles containing items subject to legal privilege),
may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
5 Any other statutory instrument containing regulations under this Act for which no Parliamentary procedure is otherwise specified by this Act is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
6 Subsection (5) does not apply to a statutory instrument containing only regulations under—
a section 26(8) (transitional etc provision in connection with suspension of operation of modern slavery provisions);
b section 68 (commencement).
7 In this section “primary legislation” means—
a an Act of Parliament,
b an Act of the Scottish Parliament,
c a Measure or Act of Senedd Cymru, or
d Northern Ireland legislation.

F1066 Defined expressions

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I367 Extent

1 This Act extends to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, subject as follows.
2 Section 23 extends to England and Wales only.
3 Section 24 extends to Scotland only.
4 Section 25 extends to Northern Ireland only.
5 Subsections (7) to (10) of section 4 (and section 65 so far as applying to those subsections) also extend to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man and the British overseas territories, but only so as to enable regulations under subsection (7) of section 4 to make provision for any of sections 31 to 36 to have effect with modifications in relation to a person to whom regulations under that subsection apply.
6 Sections 31 to 37 also extend to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man and the British overseas territories.
7 His Majesty may by Order in Council provide for any of the provisions of this Act to extend, with or without modifications, to any of the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.
8 Subsection (7) does not apply to—
a sections 4(7) to (10) and 65, so far as they extend to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man by virtue of subsection (5), or
b sections 31 to 37.
9 Any amendment, repeal or revocation made by this Act has the same extent within the United Kingdom as the provision to which it relates.
10 A power under any provision listed in subsection (11) may be exercised so as to extend (with or without modifications) to any of the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man any amendment or repeal made by or under this Act of any part of an Act to which the provision listed in subsection (11) relates.
11 Those provisions are—
a section 36 of the Immigration Act 1971,
b section 9(3) of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997,
c section 170(7) of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999,
d section 163(4) of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002,
e section 49(3) of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc) Act 2004,
f section 60(4) of the UK Borders Act 2007,
g section 57(5) of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009,
h section 60(6) of the Modern Slavery Act 2015,
i section 95(5) of the Immigration Act 2016, and
j section 86(4) of the Nationality and Borders Act 2022.

I1368 Commencement

1 Subject to subsections (3) and (4), this Act comes into force on such day as the Secretary of State may by regulations appoint.
2 Regulations under subsection (1) may appoint different days for different purposes.
3 The following provisions come into force on the day on which this Act is passed—
a sections 30 to 37;
b section 52;
c sections 63 to 67;
d this section;
e section 69.
4 The following provisions come into force on the day on which this Act is passed for the purposes of making regulations—
a section 3 (amendment of date in section 2(3) etc);
b section 4 (unaccompanied children and power to provide for exceptions);
c section 7 (powers to amend Schedule 1);
d section 11(2) (detention under authority of immigration officer);
e section 11(6) (detention under authority of Secretary of State);
f section 18 (duty of local authority to provide information to Secretary of State);
g section 20 (extension of provisions relating to unaccompanied children to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland);
h section 24 (modern slavery: support in Scotland);
i section 40 (meaning of “serious and irreversible harm”);
j section 42 (serious harm suspensive claims);
k section 43 (removal conditions suspensive claims);
l section 60(7) (definition of safe and legal routes).
5 The Secretary of State may by regulations make transitional or saving provision in connection with the coming into force of any provision of this Act.

I1069 Short title

This Act may be cited as the Illegal Migration Act 2023.

Schedules

F7Schedule 1 

Countries or territories to which a person may be removed

Section 6

F71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F73. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F710. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F711. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F712. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F713. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F714. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F715. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F716. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F717. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F718. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F719. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F720. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F721. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F722. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F723. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F724. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F725. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F726. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F727. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F728. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F729. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F730. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F731. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F732. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F733. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F734. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F735. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F736. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F737. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F738. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F739. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F740. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F741. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F742. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F743. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F744. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F745. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F746. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F747. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F748. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F749. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F751. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F752. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F753. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F754. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F755. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F756. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F757. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F8Schedule 2 

Electronic devices etc

Section 15

Introduction

F81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F83 Power to search relevant persons

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F84 Power to search vehicles and containers

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F85 Power to search premises

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F86 Power to search property

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F87 Power of seizure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F88 Power of retention

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F89 Power to access, copy and use information stored on relevant article

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F810 Relevant articles containing items subject to legal privilege

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F811 Extension of powers to other persons

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Footnotes

  1. I1
    S. 12 in force at 28.9.2023 by S.I. 2023/989, reg. 2(a)
  2. I2
    S. 59 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(1)
  3. I3
    S. 67 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(3)(c)
  4. I4
    S. 12 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(1)
  5. I5
    S. 60 in force at 28.9.2023 in so far as not already in force by S.I. 2023/989, reg. 2(d)
  6. I6
    S. 62 in force at 28.9.2023 by S.I. 2023/989, reg. 2(f)
  7. I7
    S. 64 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(3)(c)
  8. I8
    S. 62 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(1)
  9. I9
    S. 63 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(3)(c)
  10. I10
    S. 69 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(3)(e)
  11. I11
    S. 59 in force at 28.9.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/989, reg. 2(c)
  12. I12
    S. 29 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(1)
  13. I13
    S. 68 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(3)(d)
  14. I14
    S. 52 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(3)(b)
  15. I15
    S. 65 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 68(3)(c)
  16. I16
    S. 60(7) in force at Royal Assent for specified purposes, see s. 68(4)(l)
  17. C1
    Act excluded (25.4.2024) by Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024 (c. 8), ss. 2(5)(a), 10(1) (with ss. 4, 10(2)) (which excluding Act is repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 40, 65(3)(a))
  18. F1
    Ss. 1-6 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(a), 65(3)(a)
  19. F2
    Ss. 7-11 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(b), 65(3)(a)
  20. F3
    Ss. 13-15 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(c), 65(3)(a)
  21. F4
    Ss. 16-28 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(d), 65(3)(a)
  22. F5
    Ss. 30-51 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(e), 65(3)(a)
  23. F6
    Ss. 53-58 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(f), 65(3)(a)
  24. F7
    Sch. 1 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(a), 65(3)(a)
  25. F8
    Sch. 2 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(c), 65(3)(a)
  26. F9
    S. 61 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(g), 65(3)(a)
  27. F10
    S. 66 repealed (2.12.2025) by Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (c. 31), ss. 41(1)(h), 65(3)(a)